1. What are the relations between (cultural and cognitive) values and language?
   
   Can you think of any phenomenon or phenomena that are universals?
   
   
   
2. American and Korean culture differ, obviously in a number of dimensions. Consider the following dimensions and how they play out in each culture.
   

• Individualism vs. collectivism:
  
  
• Egalitarianism vs.hierarchism
  
  
  
• Explicitness vs. Implicitness
  
  
• Pragmatism vs. Formalism (Cf. yeuy 'decorum')
  • Given names are hardly used. Titles and kinship terms are used, instead.
  • Conservative in changing speech styles: intimate relations take long time to be established.
  • Identifying the other's age and social status is a priority.
  • Excessive gifts
  • You have to dress well.
    

Cal puthakha-pnita. ‘I ask your guidance.’
Cal com pwa-cu-seyo. ‘Please give me special consideration.’

• Rationalism vs. Emotionalism:
  

  Phal-i an-ulo kup-ci pakk-ulo kup-na? ‘The write bends toward inside, not toward outside.’

  Incông môli ôps-nun salam ‘You are a person with no humanity.’

  Tôm-ûlo hana tô cu-seyo. ‘Give it to me one more as an extra favor’
  
  công ttôlôci-ke wae kûlae-yo? 'Don't turn me off by doing so.' [Lit. Why do you do that? It would lose my affection.]
  
  chalin kô-n ôps-ciman mahni tû-se-yo? 'Enjoy eating [lit. Eat a lot], even though the food is modestly prepared?'
  
  pap han kûlûs tô tul-ô-yo. 'Eat one more bowl of rice.'

  
  
  
  • Objective merits vs. personal factors
    
    
  • Public and private matters
    
    
  • Accommodate others' face
  • Attach special meanings to place of birth, familt occupation, political view, education.