1.  Correlation between (cultural and cognitive) values and language

• Different linguistic systems: vocabulary, grammar, styles, manners
  

  Compare the two utterances given in (4) (Sohn, Ch 1:12) of saying 'Have your meal.':
  

  Daughter-in-law	cinci capsu-se-yo 진지 잡수세요. meal take-HONOR:INFORMAL-POLITE
  Father-in-law	pap môk-ôla. 밥 먹어라 meal eat-IMPERATIVE

• Culture shapes language and language enhances culture
  • Language reflects cultural social reality (values the members share)
  • Language is mediated in organizing, categorizing and interpreting experience
    “Culture is a structured system of patterned behaviors"
    
    
• Some universalities:
  • Universal pragmatic principles (Grice 1975; Grician Maxims of Cooperation): quality, quantity, relevance, manner
    • Maxims of quality
      1. “Make your contribution as informative as required.”
      2. “Don’t make your contribution more informative than is required.”
    • Maxims of Quality: Be truthful.
      1. “Don’t say what you believe to be false.”
      2. “Don’t say what you lack adequate evidence for.”
    • Maxim of Relation: “Be relevant.”
    • Maxims of Manner: “Be perspicuous.”
      1. “Avoid obscurity of expression.”
      2. “Avoid ambiguity.”
      3. “Be brief (avoid unnecessary prolixity).”
      4. “Be orderly.”
  • Politeness as face-maintaining and faice-saving behavior