Politenss, honorifics, and deference

Politeness:

• Reduce risk of face loss
• Avoid Face Threatening Act (FTA)
• Make FTA off-record: indirect speech, metaphor, understatement, rhetorical question)
• On-record: redressive action (give face --attempt counteract the potential face damage)
• Not to impose on the addressee, allow options
• Make the addressee feel good (positive politeness) --agreement, acknowledgement, show sympathy)

Deference:

Honorifics: linguistic encoding