1. Syllable-final closure /2. Neuralization/3. Resyllabification/4. Nasal Assimilation/ 5. ��-assimilation/
6. Tensification/7. Aspiration and ��-weakening/7. Palatalization/8. Palatalization/9. Double consonant reduction/

1. Syllable-final closure: Final consonants are unreleased syllable-finally. [Txt29, Rule 2, Practice 2]

��: �� , �� , �� , Ʈ��

��: �� , �� , ��

[No Korean words end in �� ��ħ.]

2.Neutralization: [Txt29, Rule 2]
Because of the Syllable closure rule, some consonants cannot be realized in the syllable-final position (in isolation or before another consonant), but are neutralized into ��, ��, ��: 

��		a soul
	�� [��]	�� [��]
��				an individual item
	�� [��]	�� [��]	�� [��]	��[��]��
	�� [��]	�� [��]	�� [�J]	�� [��]
��				price
	�� [��]	�� [��]	���� [����]	�� [��]

 

3. Resyllabification: [Txt28, Rule 1, Practice 1]

(C)VC-V(C) --> (C)V-CV(C) : A syllable final consonant (��ħ) moves into the next syllable when the next syllable begins with a vowel:

���� ���� [��ĥ]�̿���?

�̸���[�̸���] ������?

���г�[������]�̿���?

�� > �e [Neutralization]: /�e�г�/

��+�� = �� /��Ź��/

�� > �� before �� [Nasalization]: [������]

�� 'neck'+��=���� [���] [cf. ��� 'mosquito']
�� 'siecle'+��=���� [����] , �� 'day time'+=����[����]
�� 'face'+��=���� [��ġ] , �� 'flower'+��=���� [��ġ]

�� 'mouth'+��=���� [�̺�] , �� 'leaf'+��=���� [����]

no consonant cluster within a syllable. [Txt. 28, Rule 1, practice 2]

• (C)VV(C): ����, ����, ����, ����, ����, �Ӹ�, ���� (C)V-CV(C): �ð�, �ϳ�, ����, Ʈ��, ī�޶�, ����, �޼�, ����,��ǥ, �� ȸ (C)VC-CV(C): �Ȱ�, ����, �ҸӴ�, dz��, ����, �޼�, ����, ����, ��ȭ
• (C)VCC-V(C) --> (C)VC-CV(C): When the following sound is a vowel, the consonant cluster splits into two separate syllables:
  
  • �� 'soul'+��=���� [�˽� -> �˾�] , �� 'price'+��=���� [���� -> ����]
  • �� 'chiken'+��=���� [�ޱ�] or [����-> �ٱ�]

    Cf. ���� --> [����]
       ���ƿ� --> [���ƿ�]   Cf. ���ƿ� --> ���ƿ� --> ������

Go to Top

  4. Nasal Assimilation: [Txt 29, Rule 3, practice 3]
Final consonants(��ħ) become nasalized when they are followed by a nasal consonant (i.e., ��, ��).    

�� , ��, ��                --> ��: �� �Ծ�� [��Ӱſ�] , �Ը�[�Ӹ�]
��, ��, ��                 --> ��: �г� [�׳�] , �� �Ծ�� [�� �Ӱſ�]
��, ��, ��, ��, ��, ��, ��, ��, ��--> ��: �� ��[���] , ������[������]

  5. ��-assimilation [Txt 30, Rule 4, Practice 4]

���� [����] , ���� [����] , �Ŷ� [�Ƕ�]

    �� --> ��/when it follows �� and precedes /i/ or /y/:

���� [����] , ���￪ [�����]

6. Tensification [Txt 307, Rule 5, Practice 5, 6]:
Consonant clusters are subject to simplification:
When the following sound is a consonant, consonant clusters are neutralized into one of the 7 representative final consonant, and the following obstruent (stop, affricate, fricative) becomes tensed.

�б� [�в�] , �Ĵ� [�Ķ�] , ����[����] , �� �� [�e��] ,
���� [����]

Go to Top

7. Aspiration and ��-weakening [Txt 31, Rule 6, Practice 7, 8]:

• Aspiration [Txt 37, Rule 6, Practice 26]: If a cluster has ��, the following sound becomes aspirated.
  • �� �г� [������] , ���� [����] , ��� [���] , ���� [��Ÿ]
  
  
• ��-weakening [Txt 40, Rule 6, Practice 27]
  • ���г� [�̶���] , ��ȭ [����] , ���� [���] , ���ƿ� [���ƿ�]

8. Palatalization [Txt 38, Rule 8, Practice 29]

���� [��ġ] [cf. ���ƿ� [��Ÿ��] ], ���� [��ġ]

9. Double consonant reduction: Consonant clusters are also neutralized [Txt 32, Rule 7, Practice 9]:

    ���� /ks/ , ����/lk/     --> �� [k] : �� [��] , �� [��]
    ����/nc/, ����/nh/       --> �� /n/ : �ɴ� [�ȵ�] , ���ƿ� [������]
    ����/ps/                     --> �� [p] : �� [��] , ���� [����]
    ����/lk/, ����/lp/, ����/ls/, ���� /lth/, ���� /lph/, ���� /lh/     --> ��/l/

�д� [�ϵ�] , �д� [�ε�] , ��� [�ߵ�]
�Ӵ� [�ҵ�] or [����] , ���� [����] or [����] , �ȴ� [��Ÿ]

    ���� /lm/                     --> �� [m] : ��� [���]

Go to Top

Click here for Worksheet.