Different language uses of male and female (Bak 1983)
(i) Politeness | ||
Addressee |
Male uses |
Female uses |
Husband/wife | (Y Style > ) E/T Style > Y Style |
Y Style/ E/T Style > Y Style |
Non-spousal | P Style ( > Y Style) |
Y Style |
younger-in-law | E Style |
Y Style |
Cf. English:
(ii) Expressiveness | ||
Male uses |
Female uses |
|
"You know . . ." | N/A |
iss-cyan-a(yo), ~n kô iss-ci, ~n kô all-ci? |
Vocative "You!" | ya |
yae |
"Really" | cincca |
côngmal > cincca |
Surprise | aiko, ani, wa |
ômô(na), o(w)a |
Excessively | nômu (cf. toekye) |
nômu-nômu |
How small! | aekyae |
aekyaekyae |
Embarrased | ccok ph'allye 'my face is sold' |
ch'angp'hae (ccok ph'allye) |
Intensifer slangs | conna, yôlla | yôlla |
Cf. English:
Male |
Female |
Great |
Adorable |
Terrific |
Divine |
Cool |
Charming |
Neat |
Lovely, sweet |
Namca-tap-ta 'manly'
Yôsông-sûlôp-ta 'faminine, lady-like'
Cf. Ochs (1992:343):
"Certain acts, activities, stances, rites, etc. are frequently enacted by members of a particular sex, that is, they are unmarked behavior for that sex. Others are less frequent behaviors, and yet others are highly unusual for that particular sex. These behaviors would be interpreted differently than unmarked behaviors."