Different language uses of male and female (Bak 1983)

(i) Politeness
Addressee
Male uses
Female uses
Husband/wife
(Y Style > ) E/T Style > Y Style
Y Style/ E/T Style > Y Style
Non-spousal
P Style ( > Y Style)
Y Style
younger-in-law
E Style
Y Style

Cf. English:

 

(ii) Expressiveness
 
Male uses
Female uses
"You know . . ."
N/A
iss-cyan-a(yo), ~n kô iss-ci, ~n kô all-ci?
Vocative "You!"
ya
yae
"Really"
cincca
côngmal > cincca
Surprise
aiko, ani, wa
ômô(na), o(w)a
Excessively
nômu (cf. toekye)
nômu-nômu
How small!
aekyae
aekyaekyae
Embarrased
ccok ph'allye 'my face is sold'
ch'angp'hae (ccok ph'allye)
Intensifer slangs conna, yôlla yôlla

 

Cf. English:

Male
Female
Great
Adorable
Terrific
Divine
Cool
Charming
Neat
Lovely, sweet

 

 

Namca-tap-ta 'manly'

Yôsông-sûlôp-ta 'faminine, lady-like'

Cf. Ochs (1992:343):

"Certain acts, activities, stances, rites, etc. are frequently enacted by members of a particular sex, that is, they are unmarked behavior for that sex. Others are less frequent behaviors, and yet others are highly unusual for that particular sex. These behaviors would be interpreted differently than unmarked behaviors."