Honorific Variables

Honorific variables:

1) Kinship: K > J > AE

	American English	Japanese	Korean
Parent-child	Kin term <--> FN	Kin term <--> FN	Kin term <--> FN
Sibliings	FN	two older sibling terms (onii/onee)	4 older sibling terms (hyông, oppa, nuna, ônni)
uncle, aunt	single terms (uncle, aunt)	single terms	patrilineal (samchon/oesamchon, komo/imo), agnate
In-law	FN	nuclear family terms n (onii/oneer)	separate in-law terms hyôngsu, (olkhe-)ônni, maehyông/chahyông, hyôngpu)

2) Age: K> J > AE

Three stages of age: childhood (nô/FN-a/ya), adolesence (FN-(i)), and adulthood (FN-kun/yang)
Adult receives proper linguistic deference regardless of the degree of solidarity or status
Principle of mutual deference when in conflict between higher age and low status/kinship (cf. use of S-stype and N-style)
Seldom overridden by achieved status

	American English	Japanese	Korean
Young superior	TLN <--> FN FN <--> FN	T <--> LN-kun	T <--> LN-sônsaeng-nim

Rarely overidden by solidarity: V <--> V => V <--> T (never T <--> T)
Japanese: to a lesser degree: significant only with in-group members
--mothers may use formal style when child grows up
--occupational rank frequently supercedes age
--different speech style depending on the social status of a child's parents

3) Sex: J >K > AE
Japanese:

Restrictions on pronouns: female speaker do not use certain power-laiden personal pronouns, but rather reciprocal prnouns are used
Same pronouns have different degree of politeness depending on the gender of the speaker
Use honorific suffix -sama or -san, hyperpolite terms, soft forms, humble forms

Korean;

Daughter-in-law addressed with lower terms: yae-ya 'this child', condesceding pronoun-nô cf.. cane for son-in-law
Non-reciprocal address terms between spouses => changing to reciprocal, e.g. yôpo, tangshin
Cf. Sung-Yong Key and Hae-Jin Han

4) Social status: J/K > AE

J/K: open-ended set of professional titles in public and social organizations
extremely status-concious in daily interaction
Not neutralized by solidarity variables; never downgraded by solidarity
The honorific suffix -nim is obligatory for PT in K, optional in J.
In AE, achieved status take precedence over age, but preceded by intimacy (solidarity)

5) Groupness: J > K> AE

In J., the status of in-group member is equated when talking to an out-group member: existence of a set of plain kinship terms used to outgroup members in reference to the kins
Sociolinguistic behavior of secretaries:

	American English	Japanese	Korean
Address term	FN	PT-san	PT-nim
Reference term	TLN (upgrade: de-intimatization)	PT or bare LN (downgrade)	PT-nim

In J., the previliaged member cannot use informal forms to outgroup non-privilaged
In J., different pronouns used addressing to ingroup and outgroup members
Some uses of kin terms or titles referring to the speaker himself/herself in J & K addressing to ingroup addressee
In J., code-switching is mroe frequent among ingroup members
In K., finer age grades within ingroup members, requiring non-reciprocal terms
In K., downgrading among ingroup members

6) Intimacy: AE > J > K

	American English	Japanese	Korean
address term shift	TLN => FN	little shift	little shift (FN-i => FN-ya/a)
Rank power	superceded by intiamcy	Rank power remains	Rank power remains
When angry	upgrade address terms	Downgrade	Downgrade
Among kins	FN among siblings, in-laws	non-reciprocal terms	non-reciprocal terms
FN terms	FFN, Nn, AfNn	FFN, AfNn	FFN
Use of Nn	widest social scope	FN-tyan/san	No Nn

7) Casualness: A > J/K

Greetings to strangers
Easy transition from TLN to FN