1) A socio-linguistic linkage between distance and deference and between intimacy and condescension.

English:

• TLN for both distance (solidarity) and deference (power)
• FN for both intimacy (solidarity) and condescension (power)

Japanese:

• kimi used by a male speaker to a friend and an inferior (including his wife)
• sensei to a stanger and a superior

Korean:

• T-style to a childhood friend and a much younger person (child)
• N-style to a grownup friend and an inferior (younger employee, post-adolescence student)

2) Sociolinguistic universal: the lower in power and the closer in solidarity, the more individual identity is revealed in personal address

Title sequence --> Title alone --> TLN --> Last name alone --> FFN --> Nickname --> affectionate nickname

3) Society largely reflects family structure:

English: age difference mirrored generation differnce in the family

Korean: metaphorical use of kin terms for non-kins

4) More polite and less assertive speech used by females:

English: No use of bare LN by female, more use of tag questions
Japanese: restriction on the use of pronuns (boku and ore 'I' only by male speakers
Korean: cane, FN(-i) reserved for male speakers; no formal speech styles (P, S, N)

5) Avoid address terms with uncertain relative status or in conflict

Enlgish: new young professor to his or her old professor
Japanese: avoid of second person pronouns among junior highschools (39.5% male, and 66.3% female)
Korean: avoid FN for married child
avoid FN for daughter-in-law

6)The power-laden person has more freedom in choosing address terms:

English: the superior initiates a move toward intimacy; the inferor changes from TLN to FN

J&K: the inferior requests a move toward deference; the higher person changes from one address term to another

Different targets:

English: TLN <--> TLN => TFN <--> FN ==> FN <--> FN (V <--> V=> T <--> T)

Korean : Y <--> Y => E/T <--> Y (V <--> V => V <--> T)

	Superior	Inferior
AE:	FN (T)	TLN (V)	Non-reciprocal
	|	|
	FN (T)	FN (T)	Reciprocal T
Kor.:	Y (V)	Y (V)	Reciprocal V
	|	|
	E/T (T)	Y (Y)	Non-reciprocal

It is still up to the superior how address terms are used.

7) Sociolinguistic conservatism:

J&K:

• Maintains FN basis address among childhood friends
• Use reciprocal honorific forms among adulthood friends

Cf. English: Lowering the status of the superior by the inferior through converting to FN from TLN
J&K: Upgrading the status of the inferior by the superior (N-kun --> N sônsaeng)

8) The concept of honorific spread: high degree of co-occurrence restriction between the address term and the other honorific elements

English: congruent occurrence of T/V-pronuns with FN/TLN, "Hi, Bob" vs. "Good morning Dr. Smith"

Korean: cane goes along with N-style, nô with T-style