Hwang, Byung-Soon.
2002. ¸»·Î º» ¿ì¸® ¹®È·Ð
(On our culture mirrored in language). Seoul: Han Bit Publishing Co.
Cultural values
1. Honoring ancestor/older people
- Á¶»ó ´ö¿¡ À̹äÀ̶ó. Eating
rice meal thanks to the ancesters.
- ¼Ò´Â ³ó°¡ÀÇ Á¶»ó.
A cow is the ancestor of a farming family.
- Àß µÇ¸é Á¦ Å¿,¸ø µÇ¸é Á¶»ó Å¿.
If he suceeds, man praises
himself; if he fails, he blames his ancestors.
- Á¶»ó¿¡´Â Á¤½Å ¾ø°í ÆÏÁ׿¡¸¸ Á¤½ÅÀÌ °£´Ù.
Paying no attention to ancestors, but to the rice and red-bean porridge.
2. Importance of connection/relationship
- ÇÇ´Â ¹°º¸´Ù ÁøÇÏ´Ù.
Blood is thicker than water.
- ¶Ëµµ Ã̼ö°¡ ÀÖ´Ù.
Even dung can be defined in temrs of "chon" (kin degree).
- ÆÈÀº ¾ÈÀ¸·Î±Á´Â´Ù.
Arms bend inward.
- ¸Õ ÀÏ°¡º¸´Ù °¡±î¿î ÀÌ¿ôÀÌ ³´´Ù/°¡±î¿î ³²ÀÌ ¸Õ ģôº¸´Ù ³´´Ù.
A close neighbor is better than a distant relative.
- ÆÈ¹é ±ÝÀ¸·Î ÁýÀ» »ç°í õ±ÝÀ¸·Î ÀÌ¿ôÀ» »ê´Ù.
A house costs 800 golds, but a neighbor 1000 golds.
- ±¸°üÀÌ ¸í°ü.
The older office is better (than a new one).
- »ç¶÷Àº Çå »ç¶÷ÀÌ ÁÁ°í ¿ÊÀº »õ ¿ÊÀÌ ÁÁ´Ù.
For a man, an old acquaintance is better, whereas for clothing, new clothes
are better.
- ±î¸¶±Í¶óµµ ³» ¶¥ ±î¸¶±Í¸é ¹Ý°©´Ù.
One would be glad to see even a crow if it is from his own yard.
3. Importance of formality/face
- ¾ç¹ÝÀº Á׾ °äºÒÀº ¾È ÂÙ´Ù.
A literatti would never warm himself at the fire from the side.
- ¾ç¹ÝÀº Á׾ °³Çì¾öÀº ¾È Ä£´Ù.
A literatti would never do a dog
swim even in a danger of death.
- »õµµ °¡Áö¸¦ °¡·Á ¾É´Â´Ù.
Even a bird is selective on a brach to sit on.
- ¸Å¸¦ ¸Â¾Æµµ Àº°¡¶ôÁö ³¤ ¼Õ¿¡ ¸Â´Â °ÍÀÌ ÁÁ´Ù.If
slapped, better be slapped by a hand with a silver ring.
- ¼ö¿°ÀÌ ¼®ÀÚ¶óµµ ¸Ô¾î¾ß ¾ç¹Ý.
Even a three feet beard
cannot make you a gentleman unless you eat.
4. Women and in-laws
- ¸ç´À¸®°¡ ¹Ì¿ì¸é µÚ²ÞÄ¡°¡ ´Þ°¿ °°´Ù°í ³ª¹«¶õ´Ù.
When you don't likw your daughter-in-law, you blame even her heel looking
like an egg.
- ¿À·¡ »ì¸é ½Ã¾î¸Ó´Ï Á×´Â ³¯ ÀÖ´Ù.
If you live on, there will be a day when your mother-in-law will pass away.
- ¸ç´À¸®°¡ ¹Ì¿ì¸é ¼ÕÀÚ±îÁö ¹Ó´Ù.
If you don't like your daughter-in-law, you will not get to like even your
grandson.
- ¶§¸®´Â ½Ã¾î¸Ó´Ïº¸´Ù ¸»¸®´Â ½Ã´©°¡ ´õ ¹Ó´Ù.
Rather than hate your mother-in-law beating you up, you would hate more your
sister-in-law who pretends to intervene.
- Á× ¸ÔÀº ¼³°ÐÀÌ´Â µþ ½ÃÅ°°í ºñºö ¸ÔÀº ¼³°ÅÁö´Â
¸ç´À¸® ½ÃŲ´Ù. You have
your own daughter do dish washing after eating gruel, but your daughter-in-law
after eating boiled rice with ssorted mixtures.
- °í¾çÀÌ ´öÀº ¾Ë°í ¸ç´À¸® ´öÀº ¸ð¸¥´Ù.
You may feel grateful to your cat, but hardly to your daughter-in-law
Moral values reflected
on proverbs:
1. Importance of words,
language
- °¡´Â ¸»ÀÌ °í¿Í¾ß ¿À´Â ¸»ÀÌ °ö´Ù.
Nice words bring nice words in return.
- ¸» ÇÑ ¸¶µð·Î õ³É ºú °±´Â´Ù.
One word can get 1000 silvers of debt waived.
- ±æÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï°Åµç °¡Áö¸»°í ¸»ÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï°Åµç µèÁö
¸¶¶ó. Do not get on
if not a path, and do not listen if not a saying.
- ¿ôÀ¸¸ç ÇÑ ¸»¿¡ ÃÊ»ó³´Ù.
A careless word with a smile may get a man killed.
- ³·¸»Àº »õ°¡ µè°í ¹ã¸»Àº Áã°¡ µè´Â´Ù.
Words in the day time are hearld by birds, and words in the night time heard
by mice.
- ¸» ¸¹Àº ÁýÀº Àå¸Àµµ ¾²´Ù.
Even the bean -past of a talkative family tastes bitter.
- À½½ÄÀº °¥¼ö·Ï ÁÙ°í ¸»Àº ÇÒ ¼ö·Ï ´Â´Ù.
While food gets lessened, words get better as time goes on.
2. Emphasis on modesty,
self-reflection
- º´Â ÀÍ¿ï ¼ö·Ï °í°³¸¦ ¼÷ÀδÙ.
The more riped, the more rice tree bends its head.
- ¼þ¾î°¡ ¶Ù´Ï±î ¸ÁµÕÀ̵µ ¶Ú´Ù.
When a trout flops, even a goby flops.
- ÇÏ·í °¾ÆÁö ¹ü ¹«¼¿î ÁÙ ¸ð¸¥´Ù.
A day old puppy is not afraid of a tiger.
- °³±¸¸® ¿ÃìÀÌ Àû »ý°¢ ¸ø ÇÑ´Ù.
A frog does not remeber his polliwog days.
- ½¡ÀÌ °ËÁ¤ ³ª¹«¶õ´Ù.
A charcoal soot blames the black.
3. Respect for experience
- ´ÄÀº °³°¡ °ø¿¬È÷ ¢Áö ¾Ê´Â´Ù.
An old dog does not bark without a reason.
- Á×¾î º¸¾Æ¾ß Àú½ÂÀ» ¾È´Ù.
One would know about the other world only after death.
4. Emphasis on frugality,
diligence, patience, cooperation
- Ƽ²ø¸ð¾Æ Å»êÀÌ´Ù.
Many a mote makes a big moutain.
- °Å¹Ìµµ ÁÙÀ» ÃÄ¾ß ¹ú·¹¸¦ Àâ´Â´Ù.
Even a spider may catch an insect only if he makes a web.
- °³±¸¸®µµ ¿òÃÄ¾ß ¶Ú´Ù.
Even a frog needs to curl before leaping off.
- ¿©¸§¿¡ ÇÏ·ç ³î¸é °Ü¿ï¿¡ ¿Èê ±¾´Â´Ù.
One day of skipping work in the summer may cause 10 days of hunger in the
winter.
- ¼Õº®µµ ¸¶ÁÖÃÄ¾ß ¼Ò¸®°¡ ³´Ù.
Clappes are made only with two hands.
- ¹éÁöÀåµµ ¸Âµé¸é ³´´Ù.
Even a sheet of paper gets lighter when carried by two people.
5. Fatalism
- Äá ½ÉÀº µ¥ Äá ³ª°í ÆϽÉÀº µ¥ ÆÏ ³´Ù.
Soy beans grow fromsoy bean seeds; red beans grow from red bean seeds.
- µÉ¼ººÎ¸¥ ³ª¹«´Â ¶± ÀÙºÎÅÍ ¾Ë¾Æº»´Ù.
A giant tree displays itself even in a bud.
- Àç¼ö ¾ø´Â ³ðÀº °õÀ» Àâ¾Æµµ ¿õ´ãÀÌ ¾ø´Ù.
An unlucky man would catch a bear with no gall.
- Àç¼ö ¾ø´Â ³ðÀº µÚ·Î ³Ñ¾îÁ®µµ ÄÚ°¡ ±úÁø´Ù.
An unlucky man would fall on theback and hurt on his nose.
- Áý¾ÈÀÌ ¸ÁÇÏ·Á¸é ¸º¸ç´À¸®°¡ ¼ö¿°ÀÌ ³´Ù.
If a family is to ruin, the eldest daughter-in-law has beard grown.
- µµµÏ ¸ÂÀ¸·Á¸é °³µµ ¾È ¢´Â´Ù.Your
dog will not bark if you are destined to be robbed.
6. Human weakness
- ÀÚ½ÄÀº Á¦ ÀÚ½ÄÀÌ Ä¿ º¸ÀÌ°í º´Â ³²ÀÇ º°¡ Ä¿ º¸ÀδÙ.
For children, your own looks bigger, whereas for rice, others' look bigger.
- ³²ÀÇ ¶±ÀÌ ´õ ¸¹¾Æ º¸ÀδÙ.
Others' rice-cake always looks bigger than your own.
- °í½¿µµÄ¡µµ Á¦ »õ³¢´Â ±Í¾÷´Ù.
Even a hedgehog loves his own off-spring.
- Á¦´«¿¡ ¾È°æ.
Your own glasses fit you.
- ºó ¼ö·¹°¡ ¿ä¶õÇÏ´Ù.An
empty cart makes bigger noise.
- °¡³ÇÒ ¼ö·Ï ±â¿ÍÁý Áþ´Â´Ù.
The poorer one is, the more he wants to build a tile-roofed house.
- ³Ã¼ö ¸Ô°í ÀÌ»¡ ¾¥½Å´Ù.
Like a man using a toothpick after drinking water.
- ³²ÀÇ µ· õ³ÉÀÌ ³»µ· ÇÑ Ç¬¸¸ ¸ø ÇÏ´Ù. One
penny in my hands is better than 1000 silvers in others' hands.
- ³²ÀÇ ÀÏ¿¡´Â ¿À´º¿ù¿¡µµ ¼ÕÀÌ ½Ã¸®´Ù.
You feel chilled
on your hands even in June if you are working for others.
- ³» µ· ¼Ç¬Àº ¾Ë°í ³²ÀÇ µ· Ä¥ ǬÀº ¸ð¸¥´Ù. Knowing
three pennies of your own, but not knowing seven pennies of thers.
- ³²ÀÇ Áý ºÒ ±¸°æ ¾Ê´Â ±ºÀÚ ¾ø´Ù. Even
a wise man would like to watch a fire on other persons' house.
- ´Þ¸é »ïÅ°°í ¾²¸é ¹ñ´Â´Ù.
Swallowing the sweet, and spitting out the sour.
- »çÃÌÀÌ ³í »ç¸é ¹è°¡ ¾ÆÇÁ´Ù. You
feel stomache when your cousin buys a land.
- ±ÂÇÏ°í ½Í¾îµµ ¸º¸ç´À¸® ÃãÃß´Â ²Ã º¸±â ½È¾î ¾È ÇÑ´Ù. You
would not host a shaman exorcism because you don't want to see your daughter-in-law
dance.
- ¾Æ´Â µµ³¢¿¡ ¹ßµî ÂïÈù´Ù. An
ax you are familiar with would fall on your foot.